Theorists and psychologist use a variety of pieces so as to develop a better understanding of personality traits, behavior and the way people think. An advance to the study of human personality defines the trait theory. Anastasiei & Dospinescu (2018) mentioned that this dates back to the Greek physicians, Galen and Hippocrates, who recognized four distinct personality trait. Such a personality trait was mainly involving the body fluids; for example, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile and blood, referred to as humors. Buecker et al. (2020) highlights that it was thought by the ancient Greek who alleged that personality and mood of a person highly depended on the amount of their bile. In the current society, scientists believe that isn’t the case. Nevertheless, names like sadness or melancholy, irritability or choleric with no known cases, are used entirely and are also in use within current society.

Though science doesn’t relate the personality trait of a person having a certain measure of bile, science has acknowledged an association amid biology and psychology. Irrespective of the validity by Galen and Hippocrates, or lack of therefrom, their role developed the basis for researchers to track. Dalpé et al. (2019) said that though, most might presume that personality trait might or might not be associated to biological processes, scientists, currently personality theory.  Research suggest that personality traits has remained relatively constant in the entire life of a person. Every person seems to be possessing a distinctive personal trait, although there is may be some similarities (Graham et al. 2020).

Carl Rodgers and the Humanistic Perspective of personality Theory

The first contributor of the humanistic perspective of psychology was carl Rodgers. Holt (2017) mentioned that he was a well-known American psychologist, he became famous due to his significant psychotherapy method of client-centered therapy. The non-directive forms of talk therapy are known as the client-centered therapy. The aim of the talk therapy is to become as non-directive as possible. It is a way where one can guide the client in the most elusive manner. Carl was obstinate when one refers to people as clients instead of patients since he was feeling that the name patient showed that an individual was ill and needed medical care.

He thought that using the name client showed the need of help and one has control over their destiny, as they overcome complications. Such forms of self-direction are a significant aspect in client-centered therapy. Laajaj et al. (2019) mentioned that the humanistic personality theory is reflecting a try to hypothesize the human behaviors in the most constructive light, highlighting our propensities for development, attaining our maximum prospective, and in this way, we can understand our being. In other words, it focuses more on the positive side of human behavior.

Sigmung Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective of Personality Theory

Nikčević et al. (2021) mentioned that Sigmung Freud’s psychodynamic perspective of personality theory, proposed that people are compelled to do by drives that are aggressive and sexual in natural world. The theory proposes that childhood experiences shape personality. These childhood experiences influence adult lives as these as they remain in the unconscious and create problems in adults. Oshio et al. (2018) highlights that psychodynamic theory also suggest that human behavior is caused by uncontrollable unconscious behavior. Freud’s model of psychodynamic personality trait is caused by uncontrollable unconscious behavior. Freud’s model of psychodynamic personality theory consists of three factors: the id, which includes instincts and is driven by primary process thinking and attempts to avoid pain and maximize pleasure; the ego, which is responsible for mediation, and the superego, which is responsible for controlling the impulses of the id.

Psychodynamic Personality theory vs Humanistic personality theory model

Piepiora (2021), There are various similarities as well as differences between Rodger’s humanistic theory and Freud psychodynamic theory. Rodgers’ ideal self, self-concept, organismic concept is comparable to Freud’s id, ego, and superego. Each theory suggest that is a singular aspect of personality trait is essential in balancing the other two. The ego balances the id and superego in Freud’s theory. The organismic self and ideal self is balanced by self-concept in Rodger’s theory. These balances present a sense of order or structure within personality. Rodgers felt the significance of the here and now as opposed to finding relevance to the past. As a result, he didn’t integrate infancy in his models for issues or problems one might encounter. He thought of the significance of personal development, growth and to understand through incessant understanding and self-enhancement. He experienced that an individual had the capability to determine any incongruence within their lives as grown-ups; hence, can self-objectify as well, irrespective of any encounters that might have happened in the entire infancy. Şahin et al. (2019), Freud’s theory, on the other hand simply focused on childhood.

He thought that what happens during childhood will be shaping the adult the person is going to be in the prospect. He paid more focus on the negative pieces. He concentrated on childhood development and the conflicts encountered by adults, should they not progress through the psychosexual stages of development that can cause conflict within the unconscious mind. Shi et al. 2018), Freud’s psychodynamic theory is dated and less susceptible to change. It appears to have a negative model to human developments. Rodger’s humanistic theory has a more positive model and doesn’t relate childhood difficulties with that of adults.

Openness To Experience

Openness to experience is one of the personality traits amongst the big Five personality traits. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism, are the remaining four traits. It is a significant trait since it is contributing to several things in the lifetime o ana individual and it is able to cause a significant difference in the results of several events. The individuals whish shows higher in openness to experience trait are always referred to as quick and eager to learn and they find it easy to learn, they can also be described as; original, curious, imaginative, perceptive, knowledgeable, clever.

Muhlig-Versen (2017) described openness to experience as when one involves consideration to inner feelings, intellectual curiosity, preference for variety, aesthetic sensitivity, active imagination. The trait becomes significant since the ones who are higher in it always allow changes and look for newer experience whereas the individuals with lower in sticking to their behaviors and beliefs and will have preferences their daily routines over newer experiences. The trait has been classified as a significant part of personality maturity from indices of ego level, purpose as well as personal growth in life, though the trait essentially diminishes after mid-life. Adults who show higher in openness to experience trait are always ethically less demanding, liberal, and less conventional, they can as well result in more structurally complicated narratives concerning their own lives, they have more distinctive bedrooms as well as offices, they have more varying collections of books.

Li (2017) says that they correlated openness to experience to several characters or traits involving creativity, it may also include curiosity as well as imagination. Some scholars have carried out research on the connection amid creativity and openness to experience. Th scholars have also noted that we can find a relationship amid the trait of openness to experience which reduces reaction reserve and increased instinctive thinking which result in risk-taking and challenge. Those having such traits will have more access to impulses in awareness, feelings and thoughts and more open to individuals are encouraged to look for new and more interesting experiences and are eager to learn new things.

Causes or precursors of openness to experience are not known; however, there is indicative evidence from earlier research which is stating that openness to experience can be connected to various aspects. Full-face positive feelings in weird circumstances is a diviner of openness at the age of 4, early signs of the trait are connected to explorations as well as curiosity of new situations the tendency of looking for stimulations and environments actively in early childhood becomes the best predictors for later academic achievement and intelligent Quotient, as well as the tendency of becoming sensitive to external and internal sensory incentive are associated to higher levels of openness to experiences in adulthood.

Openness to experience is predicted and is altered by upward job alterations in professional positions and managerial positions. Since individuals with higher openness to experience become very inquisitive and have a wide array of interest, they have a higher desire as well as the need for change by changing into various positions and jobs and subsequently having more jobs instability compared to those who are lower in the trait. The trait will lead an individual to take on more challenging roles as well as high hierarchical levels while showing leadership and are good fit for change into professional and managerial position based on the outcomes of the study carried out by Hannes (2017) about the big five personality traits on predictors of upward job changes into professional and managerial positions.

Openness to experience increases with upward idea into professional and managerial positions; however, none of the big five personality traits were influenced. The scholars that this is explained by the individuals in such positions are frequently experienced with difficult situations where they are needed to make good use of their divergent thinking skills as well as creativity which comprise of factors of openness which causes them to further increase their levels of their trait.